Master of Civil Engineering

Quick Info

Named a US News & World Report Best Online Civil Engineering graduate program.

Next Session Start Date
September 2, 2013
Admissions Deadline
August 2, 2013

Leadership in the Field

As the first private college in the U.S. to teach civil engineering, Norwich University has long been committed to the advancement and application of civil engineering to improve our country’s infrastructure – and the built environment as a whole. Our Master of Civil Engineering program honors that commitment by providing working adults who may currently work as professional engineers or in engineering-related fields with the relevant skills, knowledge, and experience needed to assume leadership positions within their organizations or to run their own companies.

Combining the technical and business dimensions of civil engineering careers, our rigorous curriculum teaches students not only to analyze and design a breadth of structural and environmental systems, but also to successfully navigate the management-related issues that arise during a project. Faculty members strive to create one of the best civil engineering colleges online, and bring vast field and research experience into the virtual classroom, illustrating concepts with real-world examples and engaging students in discussions about the challenges and opportunities facing today’s civil engineers.

Students tailor their online civil engineering degree by choosing one of four technical tracks in structural engineering, environmental/water resources engineering, geotechnical engineering, or construction management. By the program’s conclusion, students will have compiled a portfolio of design and management projects that they present to program faculty during their residency week as the final step in their degree completion. This impressive body of work also serves as a valuable resource for graduates as they pursue career opportunities within their current organizations or with prospective employers.

The Norwich Advantage

  • Our faculty includes leaders and innovators from every sector of civil engineering; most have professional engineering licenses, and many hold terminal degrees.
  • Classes are capped at 15 students, enabling in-depth discussions and frequent one-on-one interactions with professors.
  • With four technical concentrations to choose from, you can focus your studies on the area that interests you most and develop specialized skills that will set you apart in the job market.
  • Through our flexible online platform, you can access program content and contribute to class discussions on your own schedule and at your own pace each week. If you need to complete math or undergraduate engineering prerequisites, Norwich offers those courses as an integrated part of the curriculum, so you don’t have to delay your program enrollment.
  • Norwich has been an educational pioneer in the field since 1820, when we became the first private college in the country to offer civil engineering instruction.

Enroll Here. Go Anywhere.

Whether you want to advance into a leadership role within your current organization, transition to a new career, or run your own company, a Master of Civil Engineering degree from Norwich University is your professional launching pad. Recent program graduates have gone on to positions ranging from director of a community development NGO in Haiti, to environmental engineering consultant, to engineer officer for the U.S. Army. Learn more »

How to Get Started

With so much to learn and do, it’s easy to lose track of how to get started. Don’t worry: Norwich works hard to make it easy for you. We can guide you through the application process, give you tips on how to get the most out of your Norwich experience, and assist you in getting the required materials for the Master of Civil Engineering program.

Admissions Information »
Talk to an Advisor »
Read Frequently Asked Questions »

Civil Engineering Program Curriculum

The 36-credit Master of Civil Engineering (MCE) program comprises six six-credit courses, each of which is approximately 11 weeks in length. Students may complete the program in as few as 18 months (21 to 24 months if prerequisites must be completed) and graduate 21 months from enrollment. The program ends with a one-week residency and a graduation ceremony at Norwich University in June.

The MCE program offers two start dates per year: March and September. Current areas of concentration are structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, construction management, and environmental/water resources engineering.

Prerequisite courses are offered for those not meeting full admission requirements. Assessments are conducted on a case-by-case basis.

An overview of the courses required for each concentration and course descriptions are listed below. More information about program requirements is also available in our course catalog.

A one-page curriculum map outlining the courses by concentration can be downloaded for your use.

Prerequisites for the Structural Concentration
  • Engineering Analysis Techniques • CE505A 3 credit hours

    This course is a fast-paced review of fundamental techniques covered in undergraduate-level calculus courses as they apply to engineering analysis and design. The class will prepare you for the environmental/water resources engineering and structural engineering tracks of the Master of Civil Engineering program. Enrollment is open only to conditionally accepted students in the engineering graduate programs, or with permission of the program director.

  • Engineering Mechanics I • CE506A 3 credit hours

    This course presents a review of engineering mechanics fundamentals from the fields of statics, dynamics, and mechanics of materials. You will study free body diagrams, force systems, equilibrium, geometric properties, kinematics, kinetics, and stress and strain. Upon successful completion of this course, three post baccalaureate credits will be awarded.

  • Fundamentals of Structural Engineering • CE507L 6 credit hours

    In this course, you will review the basic concepts of structural engineering that form the required background for later courses. Discussion will include types of structures, construction materials, structural design, and safety issues. You will also become familiar with a number of typical structural design calculation methods. Upon successful completion of this course, six post baccalaureate credits will be awarded.

Prerequisites for the Environmental Concentration
  • Hydraulics for Environmental Engineers • CE501A 3 credit hours

    This course presents a review of fluid mechanics and hydraulics fundamentals, including pipe flow and networks, open channel flow, and measurement techniques for fluids. Upon successful completion of this course, three post baccalaureate credits will be awarded.

  • Engineering Analysis Techniques • CE505A 3 credit hours

    This course is a fast-paced review of fundamental techniques covered in undergraduate-level calculus courses as they apply to engineering analysis and design. The class will prepare you for the environmental/water resources engineering and structural engineering tracks of the Master of Civil Engineering program. Enrollment is open only to conditionally accepted students in the engineering graduate programs, or with permission of the program director.

  • Fundamentals of Environmental / Water Resources Engineering • CE509L 6 credit hours

    This introduction to the environmental engineering field will prepare you for the environmental engineering sequence of the Master of Civil Engineering program. You will review the basic concepts of environmental and water resources engineering that form the required background for later courses, including environmental chemistry, ecology, biology, microbiology, geology, and soil science.  Upon successful completion of this course, 6 Post Baccalaureate Credits will be awarded.

Prerequisites for the Construction Management Concentration
  • Business Management Fundamentals • GB501 6 credit hours

    This course presents broad-based fundamental learning in economics, management, and marketing, from the perspective of a business manager. Students will focus on the economic framework for business decision making, learning the importance of an ability to assess market conditions as the context for all business strategy development and implementation. The seminar will emphasize management’s ability to plan for and execute advantageous strategy so as to achieve organization objectives through efficient and effective allocation of its human, capital, and intellectual resources. Management of marketing will be a core course component in which students will learn theory and skills that represent best practice in the marketing of products and services.

  • Quantitative Methods and Financial Analysis for Managers • GB502 6 credit hours

    The course will introduce standard techniques of quantitative analysis, business mathematics and statistics integrated into a context of business management. Business mathematics will provide the essential tools for the quantification of business processes through the study of calculus, finance, and other fundamental math systems for business problem solving, while statistics learning will encompass probability, sampling and related risk assessment techniques. Financial analysis will be studied by first establishing understanding of the nature of accounting statements, with emphasis on the use of accounting information to assess financial health of an enterprise. The financing decision will then be introduced and examined, followed by learning of the standard options for funding the enterprise. This will include an examination of the characteristics of financial markets and the common types of financing instruments and securities which are traded in capital and money markets, and which are the vehicles for external financing, as needed to meet organizational objectives.

Prerequisites for the Geotechnical Concentration
  • Introduction to Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering • CE503 6 credit hours

    This course provides an introduction to the engineering properties of soils, soil compression, and shear strength. The foundation engineering portion of the class covers determination of bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of shallow and deep foundations, design and evaluation of earth slopes, and earth retaining structures.  Upon successful completion of this course, six post baccalaureate credits will be awarded.

  • Engineering Analysis Techniques • CE505A 3 credit hours

    This course is a fast-paced review of fundamental techniques covered in undergraduate-level calculus courses as they apply to engineering analysis and design. The class will prepare you for the environmental/water resources engineering and structural engineering tracks of the Master of Civil Engineering program. Enrollment is open only to conditionally accepted students in the engineering graduate programs, or with permission of the program director.

  • Engineering Mechanics I • CE506A 3 credit hours

    This course presents a review of engineering mechanics fundamentals from the fields of statics, dynamics, and mechanics of materials. You will study free body diagrams, force systems, equilibrium, geometric properties, kinematics, kinetics, and stress and strain. Upon successful completion of this course, three post baccalaureate credits will be awarded.

  • Laboratory Course • CE572 1 credit hours

    On Campus Laboratory #2 – Intermediate Measurement of Soil Properties

    You will explore laboratory determination of soil properties including flexible wall permeability, compaction, and triaxial shear tests with pore pressure measurement as well as field techniques in geotechnical engineering. Upon successful completion of this course, one post baccalaureate credit will be awarded.

Core Curriculum Courses
  • Engineering Mathematics • EG501L 6 credit hours

    This course covers first- and second-order differential equations, basic matrix algebra with an emphasis on solving systems of equations and understanding eigenvalues and eigenvectors, numerical techniques for solving both differential and algebraic equations, and an introduction to partial differential equations. You will explore basic concepts in probability and statistics, random variables, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and correlation along with the least squares line. In addition to manual problem solving, students will also use software tools.

  • Project Management Techniques, Tools, and Practices • GB544A 6 credit hours

    This course focuses on the fundamentals of project management and practices. The course explores project management framework, the project life cycle, project process, and key project management knowledge. You will study project integration, scope, time, cost, quality, and resource and schedule management, as well as project management procurement and overall project communications requirements.

  • Capstone Design Project • CE561L 6 credit hours

    This two-part course includes an in-depth capstone design project and special topics for independent study.

    The capstone design project requires you to anticipate the social, political, economic, and environmental impacts of civil engineering projects prior to project implementation. Acting as the engineer in a leadership position, you will direct a project from conception to completion. You will prepare a comprehensive project business plan including project goals, political hurdles, anticipated revenues and expenses, marketing, facility design, and other issues related to the design of a major civil engineering project.

    In addition to the capstone design project, you will select one or more special topics for independent study. Your choices include topics that are neglected in most undergraduate civil engineering programs, such as BIM, GIS, project management, and LEED. Special topics may also include the fundamentals of utility systems: heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment; power supply systems and equipment; lighting, communication, and security systems; or plumbing systems and equipment.

Structural Concentration
  • Classical, Matrix, and Dynamic Analysis of Structures • CE528A 6 credit hours

    This course addresses two tracks of analysis. You will investigate static analysis using advanced classical methods and matrix methods, the cornerstone of the finite element method. You will also explore dynamic analysis using both classical and matrix approaches for single and multiple degree of freedom systems. Analysis issues related to design codes will be addressed for both static and dynamic conditions, and the use of commercially available software will be introduced.

  • Design of Steel and Timber Structures • CE538L 6 credit hours

    This course explores advanced structural design issues in the areas of both steel and timber. Using the latest provisions from the American Institute of Steel Construction and the National Design Specification for Wood Construction, the course covers the design and behavior of 2-D and 3-D framing and framing members and connections under various loading conditions, including wind and seismic, as well as strength and serviceability issues.

  • Design of Reinforced and Prestressed/Precast Concrete Structures • CE558A 6 credit hours

    This course focuses on advanced topics in reinforced concrete design and introduces prestressed/precast concrete using the provisions of the American Concrete Institute. You will study beams, slabs, columns, deflections, analysis and design of prestressed members, loss calculations, and use of standard precast members, as well as design and detailing for seismic loads.

    The course also includes an introduction to Geographic Information Systems as they apply to the structural engineering field and will devote time to formulating proposals for students’ upcoming capstone design project in the final course of the program.

Environmental Concentration
  • Physiochemical and Biological Processes in Water and Wastewater Treatment • CE525A 6 credit hours

    This course will cover basic physical, chemical, and biological concepts, reactor kinetics, water and wastewater qualities and quantities, and physical, chemical, and biological unit processes. An emphasis will be placed on design of individual unit processes and integration of unit processes into treatment trains capable of meeting treatment objectives.

  • Stormwater Management and GIS Applications for Water Resources • CE535L 6 credit hours

    This course will examine stormwater management issues from both flood control and water quality points of view as they relate to land development, urbanization, and watershed hydrology. Topics include rainfall-runoff relationships (including statistical analysis), channel and basin routing, stormwater treatment, low-impact development, best management practices, and wetland utilization and benefit/cost ratio analysis. Geographic Information Systems software will be introduced and used to examine and analyze decision making processes involved with the stormwater management components of the course.

  • Geoenvironmental Engineering – Groundwater Flow and Waste Containment • CE555A 6 credit hours

    This course approaches the field of geoenvironmental engineering from two points of view: groundwater flow and contaminant transport issues and the principles related to solid waste disposal and containment.

    The groundwater portion of the course focuses on aquifer properties, principles of groundwater flow, flow into wells, soil moisture and groundwater recharge, regional groundwater flow, and the advection, diffusion, and attenuation of groundwater contaminants.

    The solid waste portion of the course focuses on landfill site selection, design, and construction. You will explore material properties and engineering design of geosynthetic components, including geomembranes, geotextiles, geocomposites, and geosynthetic clay liners, and methods to estimate and design landfill leachate quantities and gas generation.

    Time will be devoted to formulating proposals for students’ upcoming capstone design project in the final course of the program.

Construction Management Concentration
  • Information Technology • CE529A 6 credit hours

    This course develops a base-level competency in a host of project management software products. You will gain an understanding of the strategic importance of integrating IT across all aspects of a project using the latest virtual design and construction software programs.

  • Contracts and Insurance • CE539L 6 credit hours

    One of the most controversial issues in a project is the understanding and allocation of risk. This course addresses the risk characteristics of various contractual forms and the roles insurance and surety play in the AEC arena. The emergence of new contractual forms from AIA and the ConensusDocs require a new perspective on contracts and project organization. This course provides a strategic understanding of contract variables, from plans and specs to integrated project delivery.

  • Project Finance and Accounting • CE559A 6 credit hours

    Every project is judged on its financial performance, and the same project can have different performance characteristics for different players. This course will enable students to address the ever-increasing complexity of the financial arena and impart skills that effective project managers need to understand the financial ramifications of decisions across all project participants. Discussion will include the opportunities and risks of traditional arrangements as well as new models such as the Special Purpose Entity (SPE) and Public Private Partnerships (PPP).

Geotechnical Concentration
  • Intermediate Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering • CE523A 6 credit hours

    Intermediate Soil Mechanics focuses on general principles of soil mechanics and their applications, including soil structure, mineralogy, fluid flow through porous media, shear strength, slope stability, primary and secondary consolidation, and classical earth pressure theories. The foundation engineering portion of the course covers analysis of shallow and deep foundations, including bearing capacity and settlement of footings, rafts, drilled piers, and piles, as well as analysis of stability and design of retaining walls and anchored bulkheads.

  • Earthquake Engineering and Soil Stabilization • CE533 6 credit hours

    Earthquake engineering covers evaluation of geotechnical earthquake hazards and mitigation, plate tectonics, seismicity, wave propagation, characterization of ground motions, theory of vibrations, effect of local soil conditions on ground response, development of design ground motions, liquefaction, dynamic lateral earth pressures, slope stability and deformation, and earthquake design codes. The soil stabilization portion of the course focuses on the application of mineralogical and physicochemical principles to soil stabilization problems and stabilization techniques for highway and foundation applications.

  • Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering • CE553A 6 credit hours

    This course surveys computer methods and applications for analysis of complex geotechnical engineering problems. You will explore finite element, finite difference and closed form solution techniques, and modeling applications.

  • Laboratory Course • CE572 1 credit hours

    On Campus Laboratory #2 – Intermediate Measurement of Soil Properties

    You will explore laboratory determination of soil properties including flexible wall permeability, compaction, and triaxial shear tests with pore pressure measurement as well as field techniques in geotechnical engineering. Upon successful completion of this course, one post baccalaureate credit will be awarded.

Residency

The final academic requirement for the civil engineering program is a week-long residency at the beautiful and historic Norwich University campus in Vermont. Students have the opportunity to meet with fellow students, faculty, and program staff in both formal classroom and informal settings. Norwich covers the cost of all meals and accommodation on campus. Academic recognition ceremonies and commencement cap off the week, and family and friends are encouraged to attend.

Program Director

Thomas J. Descoteaux, PhD, PE

Welcome to Norwich University's Civil Engineering Program

Our online Master of Civil Engineering (MCE) program is designed to create a truly innovative, interactive culture that fosters new thinking and ideas. Examine our curriculum and you'll see topics that are current and relevant to today’s engineering professional.

Since its founding in 1819 Norwich University has been known for its tradition of excellence. The first private engineering university in the United States to provide instruction in civil engineering, NU is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, Inc., through its Commission on Institutions of Higher Education. The MCE program is taught by faculty who are highly regarded for their professionalism and dedication and have extensive hands-on experience, as well as advanced degrees in their fields.

Read Bio

Tom Descoteaux, currently a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Norwich University, earned his PhD in civil engineering from the University of Connecticut. Prior to joining Norwich in 2002 he spent ten years as a member of the civil engineering department at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. He is a registered professional engineer and a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Public Works Association.

Student Services Advisor

Sandra Rotter, MPA

Sandy Rotter has worked in academia since 2001 at several schools and universities, including Arizona State University, Vermont Technical College and Vermont Law School. As a student services advisor for the master’s programs at Norwich University, Sandy has worked closely with students in the information assurance and civil engineering programs. She earned a Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies degree from Arizona State University in 2006 and a Master of Public Administration degree from Norwich University in 2009. She and her husband have been married for many years and have three children.

Featured Faculty for Master of Civil Engineering

Joseph Miller, PhD, PE
Joe Miller’s interest in structural engineering and timber framing began when he and his father rebuilt an ancestral barn in southern Indiana. His research focuses on key laminated beams and the strength of wooden dowels, and his findings have significantly advanced the acceptance of timber frame construction among engineers and code officials.He is a partner with Fire Tower Engineered Timber, where he applies his experiences and interests in structural analysis and timber design-ton projects throughout North America. He is a licensed professional engineer in several states and provinces and participates in a number of trade and professional groups.Joe received a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, a master’s degree in civil engineering from the University of Wyoming, and a doctorate in philosophy of civil engineering from Michigan Technological University.
Linda A. Ratsep, MCE, MBA, PE
Linda Ratsep is a registered professional engineer with more than 34 years of environmental and civil engineering design and project management experience. In 1995, she co-founded and is currently a principal at The Ratsep Group, Inc., an environmental science and civil engineering consulting firm in Pennsylvania.She has designed and managed hundreds of projects involving site development design for residential, commercial, industrial, airport, and recreational facilities; stream/stream corridor, wetland, and watershed studies and assessments; storm water management design; municipal engineering reviews; and airport engineering design. Her projects involve the development and utilization of project-specific Geographic information Systems (GIS) technologies and the creation of 3-D visualizations and advanced civil engineering software applications for unique project needs. She is extensively retained as an expert witness in hearings involving civil engineering.She earned a master’s degree in civil engineering with a concentration in water resources from Villanova University and an MBA from Drexel University.
Anthony Young, MCE, PE
Tony Young has more than 20 years of professional experience in civil engineering. He is a project manager with O’Brien & Gere, where he is responsible for performing and delegating technical and administrative responsibilities to engineers, designers, and drafters on complex and diverse water and wastewater treatment projects. He filed his first patent in 2009 on a new design for a vacuum vapor compression distiller. He received a BSCET from Western Kentucky University and a master’s degree in civil engineering from Norwich University. 

Faculty

Thomas J. Descoteaux, PhD, PE
William Barry, PhD
Michael Blount, MS, PE
Mathew Bovee, PhD
Arif Cekic, PhD, PE
Andrew Ernest, PhD, PE
Thaddeaus Gabryszewski, MCE, PE
Tara Kulkarni, PhD, PE
Kenneth Lamb, PhD, PE
Roger Lautzenheiser, PhD
W. Nicholas Marianos, PhD, PE
M. Catalina Orozco, PhD, PE
Bryan Pascarella, MBA
Michael Puddicombe, DBA
Brian Rahm, PhD
Jared Reigstad, MCE, PE
Adam Sevi, PhD
William Sitzabee, PhD, PE
Timothy Tyler, PhD, PE
Loren Wehmeyer, PhD
Ruth Wertz, MSCE, PE
Brent White, MCE, PE

At a Glance

  • No GRE/GMAT required to apply
  • Undergraduate GPA of 2.75 or higher

Admissions Requirements »

Next Start Date
September 2, 2013
Application Deadline
August 2, 2013

Admissions Department Hours
Mon - Thurs: 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. EST
Friday: 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. EST
Extended hours available by appointment

Phone: 1-800-460-5597 ext. 3369 (U.S. and Canada); +1-647-722-6642 ext. 3369 (International)
  • Transfer Credits
    Norwich will accept the equivalent of up to 12 semester credits for study you’ve completed at another institution. We evaluate all requests for transfer credits on a case-by-case basis. Norwich University complies with VA regulations and guidelines as they pertain to transfer credits.
  • International Admissions
    Students from outside the U.S. are encouraged to apply to Norwich. As an international student applicant, you must have an acceptable TOEFL score, submit official transcripts showing that you have completed the equivalent of a U.S. bachelor’s degree, and complete all steps in the admissions process.
  • Admissions Webinars
    Listen and learn as our admissions advisors explain the details of applying to Norwich University. You’ll learn about the Master of Civil Engineering program and about Norwich’s long history of academic excellence and innovation - a history we welcome you to be a part of.

Tuition and Finance

Norwich provides a top-notch educational experience; We also work hard to help make it affordable. There are many ways to get financial aid and several strategies to help you finance your education. Norwich is committed to making this often-difficult process easier for you.

See the Tuition and Fee Schedule »

Tuition at a Glance

  • Credit Hours: 36
  • Cost Per Credit Hour: $736

Answers to Your Questions

Our admissions advisors are ready to help you plan your education at Norwich University.

Admissions Department Hours

Mon - Thurs: 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. EST

Friday: 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. EST

Extended hours available by appointment

Phone: 1-800-460-5597 ext. 3369 (U.S. and Canada); +1-647-722-6642 ext. 3369 (International)
Email: mce@online.norwich.edu
Resources
  • Financing Your Education
    Financing your graduate school education can be challenging. Our job is to make it easier. That’s why we’ve developed a step-by-step approach that guides you through the financial aid process and directs you to the information and support you need.
  • Military Benefits
    Norwich accepts GI Bill benefits, military scholarships, and funding from the Veterans Administration to help you pay for tuition to the Master of Civil Engineering program as well as any related program fees. We are also proud to be a part of the Yellow Ribbon program.
  • Do You Qualify for a Tuition Discount?
    Norwich University partners with more than 800 organizations and associations worldwide to offer accredited degree programs to their employees and members at specially reduced tuition rates. If your organization is a Norwich partner, you could be eligible for a discount to the diplomacy program.

Geotechnical challenges in Bogota's soft soil lacustrine deposit

I worked a few years in Bogotá, Colombia as a geotechnical engineer for LFO Ingenieros de Suelos. From my vantage point, I noticed there were a number of interesting challenges encountered during construction projects particularly in the flatter area of the city where structures are built on highly plastic soft clays with depths of more than 200 meters. This article gives a quick overview of geological conditions encountered, and addresses some of the geotechnical concerns and typical solutions.

Bogotá is located 2,600 m above sea level on a large plateau and its eastern foothills are a part of the Andes mountain range. The plateau is a lacustrine deposit that was formed mainly by silt and clay sediments that slowly filled a large lake. This deposit is slightly overconsolidated due to aging. Surrounding the plateau, sedimentary formations reach heights of 300 to 600 meters above the flat level. Close to the foothill there are thin sand and gravel layers under artisian pressure inter-bedded with the clays and silts.

A schematic view of the Bogotá Sabana

As the city grows and the space becomes more limited, newer buildings are designed taller and with more underground levels. In the soft lacustrine soils of Bogotá, typical foundation systems for larger structures include friction piles, sometimes complemented with a mat foundation for additional load support, as well as to control bottom heave and undertake water pressures when required. In addition, retaining walls and their related structural components such as struts or anchors are needed to support the lateral earth pressures during all excavation stages.

For the construction of underground levels, soil removal causes a reduction in effective stresses, which results in significant swelling of the bottom soils if permitted. For projects such as shopping malls with two to four underground levels, where the weight of the soils removed is larger than the weight of the structure, it is beneficial to allow the swelling caused by the load reduction to occur before starting construction. On the other hand, for buildings with loads larger than the load reduction, it is common to prevent swelling by carefully planning the excavation stages and using the up-down construction method, where the construction of the structure above ground level and the soil removal for underground levels occur simultaneously.

In order to be able to impose new loads as soil removal takes place, it is necessary to construct the retaining walls and piles before excavating, and preventing swelling becomes even more critical to avoid pile damage. The up-down construction method also helps prevent the potential risk of bottom heave or failure, which could result from higher loads surrounding the excavation. This risk is further reduced by carefully planning the soil removal process, advancing in small areas, and also by designing retaining walls with very large depths of embedment.

Another issue results from lowering the groundwater table (commonly found 2m below ground level), which leads to water flow from surrounding areas towards the construction site. In time, groundwater table levels fall in nearby areas, causing an increase in effective stresses and settlements of nearby structures. Water flow concerns are even more delicate where sand and gravel layers are interbedded with the clayey soils, particularly if they carry water with high artisian pressures. Measures that help minimize the consequences of water flow include reinjection wells that prevent the water table from falling considerably, an impervious foundation slab designed to support the appropriate water pressure, and/or  deep embedment for retaining walls (for a smaller gradient or to cut rapid flow through aquifers). Lastly, detailed planning of the excavation stages is accompanied by thorough monitoring during construction with a well designed instrumentation program.

Reference: Orozco, L. F. and Orozco M. C., (2011), “Difficult Excavations and Foundations for Buildings on Soft Soils in Bogota,” Geo-Frontiers 2011, Dallas, TX.

- M. Catalina Orozco, PhD, PE, is an instructor in Norwich’s Master of Civil Engineering program where she teaches Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering.